Zamyatins We and the Garden of Eden - Literature Essay Samples

In Yevgeny Zamyatin’s dystopian novel We, the reader sees what was supposed to be a utopian society. From the characters’ painfully regimented daily lives to the clandestine desire to break free from the monotony of OneState, we see that not all is perfect; freedom does not create happiness, and happiness does not create a utopian society. Zamyatin uses many literary allusions in his novel, especially involving the Bible. Throughout We, there is a profound connection between OneState and the Bible, especially Genesis 1-4. We is Zamyatin’s response to his personal experiences during the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917, as well as his life throughout World War I. The novel is in the form of a diary, telling the story of D-503, a number who lives in utopian-seeming society of OneState. Through his diary, D-503 chronicles his strict daily regiment and his misadventures with the resistance group Mephi. Throughout the novel, Zamyatin makes many allusions and conne ctions to the Bible, most commonly with Genesis 1-4, the story of Adam and Eve. The author develops a structure of the totalitarian state that can be paralleled to the Garden of Eden and the price people pay in their hunt for utopia. In We, we have the Benefactor as the Godly figure, the Green Wall as the Garden of Eden, OneState as Paradise, I-330 as Eve, D-503 as Adam, and S-4711 as the serpent. There is also a reference to Mephistopheles (Satan) in the form of the resistance group Mephi. OneState does appear to be an atheist society. All of the members of OneState put all of their faith in the Benefactor as the omnipotent figure; he knows all, he sees all, and he has the power to end a number’s life. The Benefactor of OneState is equal to the God of Christianity. God created man; the Benefactor created OneState. God knows all, sees all, hears all; because of the glass structure of OneState, the Benefactor is able to know all, see all, and hear all. The glass world of OneSt ate also represents the nakedness and absence of individuality of the members of the society, which can be seen in the Garden of Eden with Adam and Eve. The people of OneState are constantly being watched by the Benefactor and by each other. In the story of Adam and Eve in Genesis 1-4, they are constantly under the scrutiny of their creator, God. OneState is seen as Paradise, like the Garden in the story of Adam and Eve. OneState is free from all forms of unhappiness; perceivably, the only way to avoid potential controversy is to be completely oblivious to other ways of thinking. All of the numbers that are living in OneState have been brainwashed, in a sense, to believe that how they are living is truly the ultimate utopia. Most of them (with the exception of the resistance group) do not know what true happiness is; they believe what the Benefactor and the other members of the society say make them happy. This is directly connected to Genesis 3: When Adam and Eve eat the fruit fro m the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, they gained the knowledge that they were actually naked. The Bible states:Then the eyes of both were opened, and they knew that they were naked [†¦] But the Lord God called to the man, and said to him, ‘Where are you?’ He said, ‘I heard the sound of you in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked’[†¦] He said ‘Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree of which I commanded you not to eat?’ (Genesis 3.7-12)Adam and Eve did not know that they were naked until they ate from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, and then they were self-conscious and therefore exiled from the Garden of Eden by God. Now, this doesn’t mean that the only possible way to live in a utopian society is to be completely ignorant to your surroundings, but most often people in utopias are revealed as being ignorant in some way. The numbers in We are seen as â€Å"Not men but som e kind of tractors in human form† (Zamyatin, 182). They just go about their regimented daily routine and do not stop to think about what they are actually doing, why they are doing what they are doing, or how it truly makes them feel (happy or unhappy). In his diary, D-503 writes:The people longed for someone to tell them, once and for all, the meaning of happiness, and then to bind them to it with a chain. What is it we’re doing right now, if not that? The ancient dream of paradise†¦Remember: in paradise they’ve lost all knowledge of desires, pity, lovethey are the blessed, with their imaginations surgically removed (the only reason why they are blessed)angels, the Slaves of God. (Zamyatin, 207)The numbers in OneState do not know definitively whether they are happy or not, but because the Benefactor says they are happy, they perceive that they are. In OneState, ignorance is truly blissful.The numbers that live in OneState all go along with the daily way of life, except for a select few. The members of the resistance group Mephi do not believe that the society they are living in is a utopia and they are not content with just sitting around and going along with it. The chief instigator that we see is a female number named I-330. I-330 is the equivalent of Eve if we are looking at We in a biblical sense. Eve is a very cunning and smart woman, and she has Adam under her â€Å"spell†; she convinces him to eat from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Adam confesses to God that it was, indeed, Eve who gave him the food: â€Å"And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.† (Genesis 3.12) In We, we see that D-503 (who represents Adam) is easily persuaded by the things that I-330 says and does, even though he detests her for a good portion of the story. I-330 doesn’t even have to state directly what she wants D-503 to do; she makes implications and his actions fo llow. I-330 has the same hold on D-503 that Eve had on Adam.When the Mephi break through the Green Wall of OneState, the liberators show the numbers of OneState what they had missing. After the numbers were ultimately given freedom to do what they had always been wishing to do, they did not want those freedoms taken away from them; it made them happy. This is also like the story of Adam and Eve: after Adam and Eve ate the apple from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, they gained knowledge and they finally knew, not only that they were naked, but also what pain was. The only way for Adam and Eve to re-enter paradise was through physical death; when they released their mortal selves and let go of the torments of human life they were brought into heaven. This is similar to the characters in We because they achieve this â€Å"second Eden† by giving themselves up for the â€Å"Great Operation†, in which they have their imaginations removed from their brain, essenti ally killing their individualities and personalities (which is, after all, what makes you you). There are many literary allusions throughout Zamyatin’s novel, but the most prominent references we see are linked to the Bible. It is easy to see the connections between the dystopian society and characters in We and the story of Adam and Eve in Genesis 1-4. This connection shows the importance of knowing what makes you happy and not letting others dictate what you do in life.Works Cited:Zamyatin, Yevgeny Ivanovich. We (Twentieth-Century Classics). New York: Penguin Classics, 1993. Print.Genesis 3 American Standard Version. American Standard Version Bible. Web. 23 Sept. 2009. .

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The Medical Condition Known As Down Syndrome - 970 Words

The sole focus of this research paper is to address the medical condition known as Down syndrome. Hwang (2013) states in his research that Down syndrome is a chromosomal translation and is responsible for various other conditions of the organs. The paper will give a general insight of the condition considering is one of the most common in the United Sates. The paper explains this by breaking it down in the following aspects: age group and family history. It also provides a description of Down syndrome, statistics and variants of the condition, how is diagnosed as well as attempts to treat it and find the cause among others. It also explains how is manifested in patients and other effects that condition causes. All this is supported utilizing various articles from medical sources and the National Down Syndrome Society (ndss). Down syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment Down syndrome is commonly known by the public as a disease that causes physical and mental disabilities in people. Down syndrome is known by the scientific community as a genetic disorder of the twenty-first chromosome. As a result of this genetic disorder other systems of the body are also affected, this includes mental and physical disabilities. Down syndrome â€Å"is a lifelong condition†¦ that happens before birth† (WebMD, 2015). According to the National Down Syndrome Society one in every 691 babies are born with the condition (NDSS, 2015). In order to understand this condition it isShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Down Syndrome1259 Words   |  6 PagesDown Syndrome Although many theories have been developed, it is not known what actually causes Down syndrome. Some professionals believe that hormonal abnormalities, X-rays, viral infections, immunologic problems, or genetic predisposition may be the cause of the improper cell division resulting in Down syndrome. It has been known for some time that the risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with advancing age of the mother; i.e., the older the mother, the greater the possibility thatRead MoreChildhood Span For Down Syndrome1174 Words   |  5 Pages Down Syndrome is a condition where people are born with an extra chromosome. It is a mental and physical trait that is usually caused by a gene issue. It is common in one out of 800 births and can affect all races and genders (My Child Without Limits.org). This disease is life long and there is no cure for it. The only way to help is by loving and supporting the person who is affected. Generally, a person is born with 46 chromosomes but people affected with this disease have 47 chromosomes. PeopleRead MoreEssay about Down Syndrome941 Words   |  4 Pageshas a genetic disorder called Down Syndrome (â€Å"National Down Syndrome Society,† n.d.). Within a matter of minutes parents learn that children with Down Syndrome can also have a variety of other conditions and disorders, will not develop in the same way that other children do, and may even have a shorter life span. However, children with Down Syndrome are happy-go-lucky children with a kind disposition and a wonderful per sonality. Also known as Trisomy 21, Down Syndrome does not mean the end of a child’sRead MoreDown Syndrome Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesDown Syndrome is a chromosomal condition related to chromosome 21. It affects 1 in 800 to 1 in 1000 born infants. People who have Down Syndrome have learning difficulties, mental retardation, a different facial appearance, and poor muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy. Individuals with Down Syndrome also have an increased risk for having heart defects, digestive problems such as â€Å"gastroesophageal reflux or celiac disease†, and hearing loss. Some people who have Down Syndrome have â€Å"low activity ofRead More Down Syndrome Essay1083 Words   |  5 PagesDown Syndrome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever been in a situation where you were confronted by a child who has Down Syndrome and were unsure of how to act around that child? Im sure many of us have experienced the awkwardness that accompanies such a situation. Many people feel guilt or pity for these children, I believe these reactions result from a lack of knowledge about the condition. Which is why I have chosen this topic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Down Syndrome is a condition that cannot be physically passed on from oneRead MoreDown Syndrome And The Formation Of Reproductive Cells1121 Words   |  5 Pages Down syndrome is a genetic condition in which individuals are born with a full or partial copy of chromosome 21. Down syndrome, in most cases, is not a result of an inherited condition, but rather a â€Å"chromosomal abnormality that occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells† (Down Syndrome). With this condition there is a range of severity from very mild to moderate, and in some cases severe. The one trait that is very consistent among these individuals is mental retardationRead MoreDown Syndrome As A Cognitive Disorder Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pages Down syndrome as a cognitive disorder Down syndrome (DS) is relatively well known as a genetic disorder to the general public and children with this syndrome form one of the most readily identifiable groups of children with moderate to severe learning difficulties. It has been over 130 years since Langdon Down first described DS and 30 years since the presence of the defining extra copy of chromosome 21 was identified by Lejeune andRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Prenatal Screening Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagesabnormal body buildup and other conditions which bring a lot of troubles in the future to the child themselves and their parents. Modern technologies and innovations in the medical field had developed a method to detect the abnormality before delivery and prevent this future tragedy to happen. This method is known as prenatal screening. There are several advantages and disadvantages of prenatal screening. Prenatal screening is a test to detect diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before birthRead MoreGenetic Disorders and Down Syndrome Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesretardation. Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, Turners syndrome and many other syndromes result from a mutation of a chromosome, an extra chromosome, or too few chromosomes. Discovered in 1991, Fragile X syndrome is considered a fairly new genetic disorder. According to The Fragile X Association, Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is caused by the expansion or lengthening of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome, known as a gene mutation. Fragile X occurs more in males than females. â€Å"Fragile X syndrome occurs in approximatelyRead More Down Syndrome Essay603 Words   |  3 Pagesgenetic or congenital defect or disease. One of the most common of these genetic disorders is Down syndrome. This disorder takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down, who was the first to describe it formally, in 1866. Down syndrome is a condition marked by abnormal physical and mental development that is caused by a genetic defect. This genetic defect is caused by an extra chromosome. People born with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal amount of 46, 23 chromosomes inherited from each

Essay about How do we categorize oneself - 651 Words

Social Psychology Types of Self and Identity How do we categorize oneself? There are numerous ways to define our identity. During the course of this essay, I will analyse these methods in order to gain a better insight as to how we are able to define our identity and self. Social Psychologists (Tajfel and Turner, 1986; Hogg and Abrams, 1988) have long argued that there are two distinctive identity groups that help to define types of self. These two groups are social and personal identity. Social identity highlights the part of our self that has been derived from our membership within groups whereas personal identity refers to both idiosyncratic traits and habits and close personal relationships. Human interaction is required to†¦show more content†¦The individual relational self defines the attributes within a relationship that contains self as a unique individual and other individuals. Generally, people can be defined using this model as I, you and I or we. Despite the presence of two known theories of self, Markus and Kitayama (1996) still did not fully agree. They developed another theory, which specified two completely separate types of self. This was the Independent and Interdependent Self. The independent model highlights that the self is unique and formed from autonomous behaviour with the individual solely responsible to express their self-image (Heine Lehman, 1997). However, the interdependent self is formed through relationships with other people that are maintained by meeting the expectations of others (Heine et al, 1997). Upon evaluating the evidence as shown above, it has become evident to me that there are numerous different methods to define types of self. These methods vary in complexity ranging from the simplest 2 self model (Tajfel et al. 1986) to the more complex 3 self model (Brewer et al. 1996). These methods are all interlinked yet the 3 self model is most efficient as it is a refined version. References Abrams, D Hogg, M.A. (1988). European Journal of Social Psychology p.325-334 Heine, S.J., Lehman, D.R.(1997). The cultural construction ofShow MoreRelatedSocrates Vs Socrates1704 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates and Aristotle would think that philosophy was for the greater good and expanding the minds of those around them. Socrates in particular would regard philosophy as conversational and weeding out those who ‘know’ and those who do not. Aristotle would use philosophy to try to reach the conclusion on what happiness is. These great thinkers believed absolute contemplation was the greatest pleasure human beings could reach, so for them philosophy was reaching a type of Nirvana. Take the ApologyRead MoreMusic Taste And Its Effect On Your Own Image934 Words   |  4 PagesAs humans we are often categorized into certain social or economic groups, for example high class or low class or simply the nerdy or the â€Å"cool†. In an attempt to jump social circles one can employ musical taste to fit in with different groups. By simply claiming you hate one band, and love another you can completely shift the way people characterize you. As Bourdieu and Wilson lay out in this chapter, taste is a way to â€Å"fight for power and status† with your peers. It allows one to â€Å"condemn thoseRead MorePerception Of Social Based On The Individual s Social Orientation1335 Words   |  6 Pagesstereotypes categorizes favoritism with the in-group and insulting behavior for the out-group. The minimal group effect should, therefore, be considered a powerful learning bias for underlying the rapid internalization of social biases in the real world. This will creat e discriminatory behavior response to the perception of social differences based on the individual’s social preference. Social identity is based on a person’s sense of self derived from perceived membership in social groups. When we belongRead MoreExistentialist Theory: Its Features, Advantages and Disadvantages784 Words   |  3 Pages(Steven Crowell, 2010). Existentialism is a philosophy which stresses on human existence as opposed to the movements that submerge mans existence. Normally, if emphasis of distinction is placed upon mans existence then the question will be to show how it is different from humanism. Therefore, many features emerge to support the view of existentialism. The first feature is that existence precedes essence. This means that there is no human nature and or human prototype to which all men/human couldRead MoreA Setting Of A Jungle Gym1466 Words   |  6 Pages the subjects are pitted against one another in a competition which will clearly demonstrate this phenomenon, recognized as the minimal group paradigm. This paper will evaluate 100 seven-year-old children in a naturalistic setting of a jungle gym. We will examine if the minimal group paradigm is still as effected after these children have a positive, noncompetitive experience with the out-group. Introduction Children assume that members of the in-group are more likely to perform goodRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1077 Words   |  5 Pagestranslation. Some statements may include that a person falls under one category and that they are a certain way, but in all reality the group is nothing how people think they are. As many may ask, stereotypes and misconceptions are formed to categorize social groups. By doing so, this allows one to explore the cognitive side of the brain and categorize as best to knowledge. By categorizing the ones who suffer from ADHD many are being told that this issue is only a mental one, in a way that objectifiesRead MoreThe Second Day Of My Brand New Life At College1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthis has led me to identifying my unconscious biases and take actions against them in my conscious decisions and judgements. The first unintentional bias that I had was about all those in my class. As a student in the honors program, it is known that we all are intelligent and have succeeded enough academically in the past to be placed here. Also, some typical stereotypes of an honors student may be control freak, know-it-all, and uptight. As a result, I was afraid at first to share my ideas with theRead MorePractical Identity : The Authority Of Reflection1349 Words   |  6 PagesIdentity is the idea or perception of who we are in the world. It develops from social surroundings and circumstances and influence our experiences in the world. The social environment sets social norms and systems that shape people’s behaviors. In turn, defining one’s identity will affect the choices that one makes and the execution of these choices. According to Korsgaard (1996), practical identity is the social group or cultural group that one categorizes oneself in. These categorizations range fromRead MoreJus tice Is The Quality Of Being Just967 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluences and have a realistic discussion about what sort of society we really want to live in. My beliefs and ideas about what Justice means addressed in this reflection relate to what I gathered from Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do by Michael J. Sandel, A Conflict of Visions by Thomas Sowell and Who Rules America? The Triumph of the Corporate Rich by William Domhoff. Figure 1. This picture above speaks volumes. It shows how people rely on justice to be just when it really it does not careRead MoreSouth Asian Culture1010 Words   |  5 Pagesis mainly white women, even celebrities, who are those adorned with bindis and other symbols of South Asian culture in American media, it alludes to the idea that white women are seen as more desirable and are more praised in society than those who do not fit that standard. Maira had noticed that many of the people who were ready to adopt these cultural elements were mainly white women, speaking to the idea of white imperialism and white supremacy. Through a testimonial from Madonna regarding her

Essay on Imperialism In World War 1 - 1103 Words

Imperialism in World War 1 Imperialism was one of the four contributing factors to the cause of World War One, along with secret alliances, militarism, and nationalism. It is the most important cause of WW1, because it created a build-up of tension in Europe and outside of Europe, and through imperialism, the three other causes were able to affect the beginnings of the war. Imperialism is defined as the governing of one people by another country, which was a recurring dilemma prior to WW1 due to the industrialist movement. Although not all events that fall into the imperialistic category were about controlling another country, they contributed to the war, and imperialistic events were the foundation of the cause of WW1. Within Europe,†¦show more content†¦Militarism was another factor, and the threatening behavior when powerful countries involved in powerful alliances begin forming unbeatable weapons would not have affected war had there not been a prior fear that war would be coming. England produced a ship made to kill in attempt to prove to the Germans that they still owned the sea, and this kind of behavior is what triggered an additional rise to the pressure building in Europe. Nationalism relates closer to imperialism because it was due to nationalism that imperialism was not always successful. When the European powers attempted to invade and take over China, they were unable to due to the unity of the Chinese people, and also the interferences by other countries. This nationalism prevented countries from extending control over many people, for rebellions occurred and changes had to be made. The Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia was one of the examples of imperialism during WW1. On July 23 1914, Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated archduke Franz Ferdinand, who was to be the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austro-Hungary, realizing they were stronger than Serbia, issued an ultimatum with ridiculous demands, along with statements such as â€Å"The Royal Serbian Government [is]†¦ to suppress any publication which incites to hatred and contempt of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the general tendency of which is directed against its territorialShow MoreRelatedCause and Effect on World War 1 Essay743 Words   |  3 Pagesand Effect on World War 1 World War One, a huge conflict that sparked in 1914 and lasting all the way until 1918. The war was between the world’s greatest powers as two opposing sides; the Central Powers and the Allies. It was a chain of events that had started this was which consist of key features such as imperialism, alliances, growth of militarism, crisis, and nationalism. It was the result of these accumulating factors that had eventually evoked war. The effects on World War One includedRead MoreNegative Effects Of Imperialism1139 Words   |  5 Pagesevents are talked about. 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I believe that imperialism was the main cause of World War 1 because it is what made upRead MoreCauses Of Imperialism843 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted the First World War in 1914. Instead they have narrowed it down to some main causes. The main factor that lead to the outbreak of World War 1, was the desire by the nations of Europe to expand their empires. Along with this there were some less significant contributing factors to th e outbreak, such as previous historical tension and nationalism. Supporting evidence shows that imperialism was the main and most significant factor of the outbreak of World War 1. Imperialism is defined as theRead MoreImperialism And The United States Experience During World War I855 Words   |  4 PagesDuring World War One, the United States encountered many challenges, affecting America and Foreign Nations and their respective populations. Imperialism, economic expansion and industrialization impacted the United States’ experience during World War One. 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The major events that took place and which countries of the world the U.S. became involved due to this policy. Finally, we will see, not everyone supported foreign affairs by the

Compare and Contrast Southern Views of “a Rose for Emily”...

Compare and Contrast Southern Views of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"A Battle Royal† The Souths history is sometimes described as charming and traditional, but it also has a dark side, and to say the least, is horrendous. William Faulkner author of A Rose for Emily, was raised in the South, whereas Ralph Ellison the Arthur of Battle Royal was from Oklahoma and attended College in the South. Each Arthur has different views and writing styles, which impacts their frame of reference to the south. A Rose for Emily written by William Faulkner is about the Life and Death of an eccentric southern woman with a gothic twist. Battle Royal written by Ralph Ellison is about the struggles and obstacles that a young black man had†¦show more content†¦They thought that her fathers request that her tax debt be covered by his donation was something only a woman would believe. This shows that there was even some inequality towards the southern white women. The south is mark ed with the stigma, of the inhumane treatment of people, solely based on their race and gender. Many black people were abused in such sadistic, cruel, and heartless way that is unimaginable, but true. In a Battle Royal, written by Ralph Ellison after having to fight each other till only one man was standing, the black boys were to be paid. The white men placed money on a rug that had an electric current running through it for the boys to supposedly get paid. As the boys fought for the coins they were shocked by the rug. The white men thought it was hysterical and had a good laugh. Another kind of abuse in the south, could be derived from A Rose for Emily, written by William Faulkner and the way Emilys Father so radically enforced the traditions of their southern heritage upon his daughter. Emilys father completely controlled her life till his death. So, much so that she is left without a husband, penniless, and evidently insane. Somewhere in her life something went terribly wrong an d caused her to feel so desperate, that she would do anything to never be alone again or feel the shame of never marrying. This desperation pushed her over the edge of reality. The most compelling evidence is not only that she murdered herShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPerspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th JohnRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesstudents can hone their analytical skills and also their persuasive skills—not selling products but selling their ideas—and defend them against critical scrutiny. This is great practice for the arena of business to come. NEW TO THIS EDITION In contrast to the early editions, which examined only notable mistakes, and based on your favorable comments about recent editions, I have again included some well-known successes. While mistakes provide valuable learning insights, we can also learn fromRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesother subject, and it is not a book about what you ought to believe about some subject. Although many scientific studies of decision-making have shown that people tend to sift sources of information looking to reinforce existing views rather than to accept the view that is backed up with the better argument, our course is designed to combat this tendency. Facing a Decision as a Critical Thinker Imagine this situation. You are on a four-day backpacking trip in a national wilderness area with

Team Essay Example For Students

Team Essay 1. Lack of alignment with company vision and mission. Leadership must understand that if employees do not understand how theypersonally fit into the vision, this statement is not worth the paper on which it wasprinted. 2. Team charter is unclear. A charter is a document prepared by leadership that answers:* What is the reason this team exists?* What are the steps to be followed by this team?* What quantitative results are expected for this team to be successful?* Who are the team members, team leaders and team liaison?* Who will support the team if needed?* How much time should be spent in meetings and outside of meetings?* What authority does the team have? What things cannot be changed?* What items are outside the scope of the team?* What budget does the team have?* What are the outputs from the team? When are they expected to becomplete? To whom should they be given?3. A cookbook approach was used instead of a custom-tailored approach. Although my company has advocated a specific process in implementing teams,the simple truth is that the process has never been followed. The process is anexcellent baseline, but each organization has a unique culture; a unique history;a unique group of leaders, managers and people and a unique team-basedbackground that must be taken into consideration when designing and refining aspecific organizations team-based process. 4. Middle management/supervisors roles are not changed. Middle managers and supervisors typically have all the responsibility forperformance, but little authority to achieve performance. When asked todescribe their fob, middle managers and supervisors use words like fire fighter,policeman, power broker, paper pusher, stock chaser, baby sitter, disciplinarian,problem fixer and priority settler. In the future, there will be fewer middle managers and no supervisors. This doesnot mean these people will be fired. On the contrary, these are some of the bestpeople in our companies and they will be moved into much more satisfying,relevant, value-added work in which their talents may be more fully utilized.